![]() Tunnel boring machine (TBM) projects have successfully applied linked data models and multimodel concepts in BIM, but those technologies have yet to be adopted in drill-and-blast tunneling. Existing research has considered a very general BIM semantic model and focused only a small portion of the entire drill-and-blast construction process. Building information modeling (BIM) in the construction industry provides a solution to such issues with effective data information modeling. In this context, tunnel construction exhibits uncertainties and risks due to unforeseen circumstances, intricate design, and ineffective information management. The tunneling industry still uses traditional project management techniques to manage complex interactions between these data sources that are hardly linked, and independent decisions are often made without considering all the relevant aspects. However, it is complex and challenging because a large amount of data is generated from dispersed, independent, and heterogeneous sources. Drill-and-blast is one of the most common and flexible tunnel construction methods. ![]() Tunnel construction fundamentally differs from building and aboveground civil infrastructure projects.
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